The psychedelic state is considered an exemplar of a primitive or primary state of consciousness that preceded the development of modern, adult, human, normal waking consciousness. Entropy is applied here in the context of states of consciousness and their associated neurodynamics, with a particular focus on the psychedelic state. 6Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaĮntropy is a dimensionless quantity that is used for measuring uncertainty about the state of a system but it can also imply physical qualities, where high entropy is synonymous with high disorder.5Neurology Department and Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.4The Beckley Foundation, Beckley Park, Oxford, UK.3Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London, UK.2C3NL, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.1Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Hellyer 2, Murray Shanahan 3, Amanda Feilding 4, Enzo Tagliazucchi 5, Dante R. Carhart-Harris 1 *, Robert Leech 2, Peter J. It allows the user to explore how as the size of the system increases, the probability for the most likely energy configuration increases relative to other less likely configurations.Robin L. Thomas Moore has developed a web application that models our two Einstein solid system. This is yet another piece of evidence that our universe is governed by quantum, rather than classical physics. Our analysis works because there is a finite number of microstates for each energy configuration. If each bond of our Einstein solid could have any value of energy (such as 1.25 or 345.8461 quanta), then there would be an infinite number of microstates for any energy configuration.
The fact that energy comes in an integer multiple of quanta makes the number of microstates countable. To see this in more detail, consider reading this paper and performing some of the interactive demonstrations therein.Įssential to the Boltzmann definition of entropy is that energy is quantized. It helps to think about entropy as a measure of the spread of energy. While this is the formal definition, it doesn’t provide us with much physical intuition. So, if entropy is not disorder, what is it? The formal definition offered by Ludwig Boltzmann (and later written on his tombstone) is S= kBlnW, where S is the entropy of the system in a particular energy configuration, kB= 1.380×10−23J/K (Boltzmann's constant) and lnW is the natural logarithm of number of microstates for that energy configuration, or macrostate. Frank Lambert has written many articles on interpreting the meaning of entropy. Perhaps more importantly, disorder is usually taken to be a comment on the arrangement of a single microstate, yet entropy is defined in terms of all of the microstates for an energy configuration. Disorder is a subjective description that has no rigorous definition.Ģ. So why is “disorder” a misleading interpretation of entropy? There are two main problems:ġ.
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